This book offers an in-depth exploration of the craft of antler, bone, horn and ivory working as it evolved within the pre-Viking emporia of northern Europe. Over the past few decades, studies of early medieval European trading settlements, known as emporia, have shifted in focus, from trade towards an appreciation of the role they played in craft production. This volume highlights one of the most conspicuous crafts to emerge in the pre-Viking emporia of northern Europe – the working of antler, bone, horn and ivory – and explores how and to what degree its development through the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties influenced its later proliferation in significant Viking sites of the 9th and 10th centuries.

Waste materials and surviving evidence of production, including both unfinished pieces and finished objects, can reveal the locations of workshops and allow for an estimate of the duration and scale of production. As the products created shift over time, so do the raw materials, with the use of antler, bone and horn oscillating across phases and exotic materials like whale bone and ivory being introduced. Through analysis of evidence across sites and regions, this study sheds light on a range of questions: from the mechanisms behind the changes in production and the nature of human–animal interaction within the emporia, to the influence of the church on the craft from the late 7th century onwards and the status of its practitioners as either sedentary or itinerant, full-time or part-time. By looking outwards from northern Europe to the areas of Frisia, Anglo-Saxon England and the Insular world, it offers an overview of the evolution of antler, bone, horn and ivory working during this transitional period, and re-evaluates the role of the Franks in establishing what is often viewed as a Viking craft and way of life.